3 Types of Sexual Life Cycles - Evolution

3 Types of Sexual Life Cycles - Evolution One of the properties of life is the ability to reproduce to create offspring that can carry on the genetics of the parent or parents  to the following generations. Living organisms can accomplish this by reproducing in one of two ways. Some species use asexual reproduction to make offspring, while others reproduce using sexual reproduction. While each mechanism has its pros and its cons, whether or not a parent needs a partner to reproduce or it can make offspring on its own are both valid ways to carry on the species. Different kinds of eukaryotic organisms that undergo sexual reproduction  have different types of sexual life cycles. These life cycles determine how the organism will not only make its offspring but also how the cells within the multicellular organism will reproduce themselves. The sexual life cycle determines  how many sets of chromosomes each cell in the organism  will have. Diplontic Life Cycle A diploid cell is a type of eukaryotic cell that has 2 sets of chromosomes. Usually, these sets are a genetic mixture of both the male and female parent. One set of the chromosomes comes from the mother and one set comes from the father. This allows a nice mixture of the genetics of both parents and increases diversity of traits in the gene pool for natural selection to work on. In a diplontic life cycle, the majority of the organisms life is spent with most of the cells in the body being diploid. The only cells that have half the number of chromosomes, or are haploid, are the gametes (sex cells). Most organisms that have a diplontic life cycle start from the fusion of two haploid gametes. One of the gametes comes from a female and the other from the male. This coming together of the sex cells creates a diploid cell called a zygote. Since the diplontic life cycle keeps most of the body cells as diploid, mitosis can happen to split the zygote and continue splitting future generations of cells. Before mitosis can happen, the cells DNA is duplicated to make sure the daughter cells have two full sets of chromosomes that are identical to each other. The only haploid cells that happen during a diplontic life cycle are gametes. Therefore, mitosis cannot be used to make the gametes. Instead, the process of meiosis is what creates the haploid gametes from the diploid cells in the body. This ensures that the gametes will have only one set of chromosomes, so when they fuse again during sexual reproduction, the resulting zygote will have the two sets of chromosomes of a normal diploid cell. Most animals, including humans, have a diplontic sexual life cycle. Haplontic Life Cycle Cells that spend the majority of their lives in a haploid phase are considered to have a haplontic sexual life cycle. In fact, organisms that have a haplontic life cycle are only composed of a diploid cell when they are zygotes. Just like in the diplontic life cycle, a haploid  gamete from a female and a haploid gamete from a male will fuse to make a diploid zygote. However, that is the only diploid cell in the entire haplontic life cycle.   The zygote undergoes meiosis at its first division to create daughter cells that have half the number of chromosomes compared to the zygote. After that division, all of the now haploid cells in the organism undergo mitosis in future cell divisions to create more haploid cells. This continues on for the organisms entire life cycle. When it is time to sexually reproduce, the gametes are already haploid and can just fuse with another organisms haploid gamete to form the zygote of the offspring. Examples of organisms that live a haplontic sexual life cycle include fungi, some protists, and some plants. Alternation of Generations The final type of sexual life cycle is a kind of mix of the two previous types. Called alternation of generations, the organism spends about half of its life in a haplontic life cycle and the other half of its life in a diplontic life cycle. Like the haplontic and diplontic life cycles, organisms that have an alternation of generations sexual life cycle begin life as a diploid zygote formed from the fusion of haploid gametes from a male and a female. The zygote can then either undergo mitosis and enter its diploid phase, or perform meiosis and become haploid cells. The resulting diploid cells are called sporophytes and the haploid cells are called gametophytes. The cells will continue to do mitosis and split in whichever phase they enter and create more cells for growth and repair. Gametophytes can then once again fuse to become a diploid zygote of the offspring. Most plants live the alternation of generations sexual life cycle.

Company Strategic Analysis on Unilever ICE Cream du Telecom

Company Strategic Analysis on Unilever ICE Cream du Telecom Background The Unilever Ice Cream division operates in a highly competitive environment. Ice cream is part of the company’s food business that has to compete with other companies in the fast moving consumer goods segment. The company is the biggest maker of ice cream in the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Company Strategic Analysis on Unilever ICE Cream du Telecom specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Customers are mainly retail buyers who shop from supermarkets and are increasingly taking on ice cream as a snack. Unilever Retail Industry Share (%) Industry Rank and Share of Revenue (%) 2008 2013 Rank Share of Revenue World Australasia Western Europe Latin America North America Eastern Europe Asia Pacific Middle East Africa 20.9 33.5 30.1 27.7 21.5 11.4 6.5 11.7 21.3 36.5 31.0 28.6 20.9 15.5 9.4 7.2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 4 100 5.8 42.7 13.7 19.7 6.3 9.5 2.3 Figure 1: Euromonitor International-Statistic s The main Unilever ice cream brands in the UK are Ben Jerrys, Carte D’or, and Walls. The following graph displays the market share of the respective brands in UK in 2013. Figure 2: Ice cream number of users in UK (in 1000 people) (Statista 2015) Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 3: UK average purchase in grams per week per person (Statista 2015). Meanwhile, du telecom operates in a young, growing industry. It also benefits from its association with the United Arab Emirates government by being owned by several state agencies. du is enjoying a persistent increase in mobile data revenues. The business segment contributes about 30% of the total company revenue. The main challenge for du telecom is sustaining the cable infrastructure to provide 100% uptime on data business. Rivals like Etisalat and YahClick are already opting to use satellite links as ba ckups. du has to keep up with changing technologies to remain relevant in its business (du 2014). Figure 4: du mobile data revenue trend Competitive environment applications Five Forces du telecom in the UAE The threat of new entrants in the UAE telecom market remains low because of the low population of the country and the high cost of setting up the required infrastructure. New entrants also try to avoid the associated cost of having to upgrade their networks when new technologies become common. The industry in a duopoly served by Etisalat and du. However, there are smaller companies offering hybrid services in some specific telecom segments, such as data. Rivalry is very high as du tries to increase its market share to reach at least 50% of the market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Company Strategic Analysis on Unilever ICE Cream du Telecom specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Currently, it has about 30% control of the market. In the industry, buyers can shift their service providers quickly, but du is doing all it can to sustain consumer loyalty by providing long-term contracts and increasing switching costs. Therefore, the bargaining power of buyers remains moderate. Meanwhile, the bargaining power of the suppliers is low because there are many global and national companies competing for contracts and tenders to supply equipment and services to the UAE telecom industry. In the UAE, telecom companies provide the same services, but they differentiate the services through customer care and market campaign presentations. Any changes in pricing by a rival will directly affect du telecom. Therefore, the threat of substitute products remains high. Mapping strategic groups, Unilever in the UK When mapping, Unilever uses demographics to divide markets and then follows through with the expectations of the particular age group segment. Ice cream flavours are made with the needs of the diverse custom ers in mind. Each company brand is for a specific market segment. For example, the Calippo, an ‘ice lolly’, is for children. Brands sold in the UK do not have to be launched in the country. In segmentation, Unilever also follows customer traits, where 29% are quality driven, 24% are individualistic, 19% are habitual shoppers, 14% are shelf stalkers, and 14% are conformists brand loyalists (Unilever 2013). The performance of different brands in the UK follows consumer income levels, with Magnum as the best-selling brand because it targets adults.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The marketing and sales strategy for Unilever UK is defined clearly. The company concentrates on its biggest brands, but it also ensures small ice cream brands have the required presence in retail stores. Packaging differs for all brands and the targeted price segment in the market. Brands focusing on impulse customers are mainly premium and mixed-priced. Those focusing on the take home market are available in all price variations, leading to the brand positioning structure displayed below. Company strategy applications Objective of du Telecom The company aims to maintain a progressive dividend policy for the shareholders. The objective provides a reference point, which also serves as the main unit of performance measurement. The other objective is to provide consumers with the best offerings in the world in terms of handsets, network technologies, and overall consumer experience. The company measures its commitment to this objective by evaluating the available choices offered to customers, the quality of its network compared to the rivals and industry standards, the innovativeness of its products and services measured by the frequency of upgrades, and the pricing of its products to reflect profit margins and market competitiveness. One minor objective of the company is to comply with the Emiratisation programs of the UAE government. It involves the hiring of many UAE nationals as workers. The company judges its performance towards this objective by the number of job applicants who are Emiratis and the turnover of Emirati employees annually. Objectives apply differently to functions and business units; the voice market segment pursues the call quality objective, while the customer care area aims to satisfy a higher number of customers (du 2015). Unilever Mergers and Acquisitions Unilever embraces mergers and acquisitions to take advantage of the emerging trends in the ice cream industry (Unilever 2013). It also does so to consolidate market share, reduce cos ts, and increase its economies of scale. The table below presents a summary of the company’s activities from 1959 to 1980 (Reinders 1999). The motive was to improve its access to relevant resources, which were critical to its business expansion. Therefore, the choice of target depended on freezer cabinets, cold stores, and transportation demands (Jones 2002). In 2014, the company finalized the acquisition of Talenti Gelato Sorbetto in a move that would enable Unilever increase its offerings for the ice cream market (Boyle 2014). 1959 Austria: Eskimo Australia: McNiven Bros France: Gella Portugal: Esquimea 1962 Canada: Good Humor Italy: Spica Netherlands: VAMI Sweden: Trollhatteglass 1960 Australia: Streets Denmark: Frisko Singapore: Cold Storage 1967 Italy: Eldorado 1961 Australia: Sennitt Denmark: Kronburg Netherlands: De Hoop Sweden: Gille-Glass USA: Good Humor 1971 Denmark: Sol Is 1973 Brazil: Alnasa Ireland: Hughes Brothers Switzerland: Gelber 1974 Italy: Chia vacci and Toserini Spain: Frigo 1977 France: Motta 1978 Australia: Amscol Acquisitions have happened within and outside Europe to make the company truly global and to enable it develop elaborate supply chains for the main ingredients of its ice cream brands. There are no notable mergers in the company’s history, which could be due to the company’s need to retain absolute control of its business. Acquisitions are helpful in reducing the costs of operation. They also help Unilever to become diverse. The company targets small firms that are operating in single national markets, where it can easily dominate after acquisition (Jones Miskell 2007). Reference List Boyle, M 2014, ‘Unilever buys Talenti Gelato Sorbetto to bolster ice cream business’, Bloomberg Business, 2 December, bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-12-02/unilever-buys-talenti-gelato-to-bolster-ice-cream-business. du 2014, Q3 2014 year-on-year revenues exceed AED 3 billion for the second con secutive quarter, du.ae/about-us/media-centre/newsdetail/2014/10/28/q3-2014-year-on-year-revenues-exceed-aed-3-billion-for-the-second-consecutive-quarter. du 2015, Company overview, http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=199506p=irol-homeProfilet=id=. Jones, G Miskell, P 2007, Acquisitions and firm growth: Creating Unilevers ice cream and tea business, Business History, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 8-28, hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/Acquisitions%20and%20Firm%20Growth.pdf. Jones, G 2002, Unilever- A case study, Harvard Business School Working Knowledge, 9 December, http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/3212.html. Reinders, P 1999, Licks, sticks and bricks: A world history of ice cream, Unilever, London. Statista 2015, Brands of ice cream in tubs and blocks ranked by number of users in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2013 (in 1,000 people), statista.com/statistics/303868/leading-ice-cream-tub-brands-in-the-uk/. Unilever 2013, 2013 annual report and accounts: Making sustainable living commonplace, unilever.com/images/Unilever_AR13_tcm13-383757.pdf.

Historical Case Study PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Historical Case Study - PowerPoint Presentation Example This was the first he was placed into an institution for this disorder. Common belief was that the drugs and numerous â€Å"cures† that were available during that period, and that he was administered harmed him and made his condition worse, especially the treatment with electric shock. After the death of his mother, who had cared for him, Eduard Einstein spent his remaining days at a Zurich psychiatric hospital where he passed away aged fifty-five from a stroke. He had already broken ties with his father after his illness after telling him that he felt hatred for him (Tom Blaise Shepherd Existential Society, 2006). Einstein exhibited distorted perceptions of reality. He had perceived reality that was different from what was shared and seen by those that surrounded him, making him feel confused, anxious, and frightened. This caused him to feel and behave in different manners at different times, sometimes seeming preoccupied, detached, and distant while sometimes he was alert, vigilant, wide-awake and always occupied. Einstein also experienced illusions and hallucinations (Szasz, 2008). These are perceptive disturbances. These hallucinations manifested themselves as occurrences of perceptions that lacked a connection to any appropriate source. This was in the form of sounds and voices that other people around him could not hear, as well as seeing, smelling, tasting, and touching things that those caring for him could not. In these hallucinations, he would carry conversations with invisible people, describe his own activities, issue orders to various individuals, and even warn them of impending d isaster. His illusions manifested themselves when he would interpret sensory stimuli incorrectly, even though the stimulus was present. Einstein also exhibited signs of delusional behavior. These are personal beliefs that are false and not subject to any contradictory evidence or reason. His delusions could not be explained by his normal cultural